Heat-activated sprinklers: Each nozzle reacts to its immediate temperature (usually 57–74°C) on an individual basis. Upon reaching its activation temperature, a glass bulb containing heat-sensitive fluid shatters, thereby releasing a valve plug and permitting the passage of water. The quickest response is achieved by consistently pressurising wet pipes with water.

• Smoke detectors: These local unit alarms operate independently (e.g., kitchen cooking), triggering audio alerts within the unit.

• Fire panel-connected smoke detectors: These feed into the main fire alarm control panel and activate:

  • Audible evacuation speakers/horns, which amplify warnings and guide occupants out through the emergency exits.

  • Fire service dispatch/gate access, alerting fire control personnel promptly.

• Water flow switch: Detects sprinkler operation and triggers alarms via the fire panel

• FRL rating: Three-part Fire Resistance Level: structural adequacy (load-bearing support), integrity (resisting flame/gas passage), and insulation (limiting heat transfer). Expressed in minutes, e.g., 120/120/120 

• Material selection: Components (walls, doors, and floors) are chosen based on their FRL and location to ensure compartmentation and prevent fire spread over required timeframes.

• Combustible vs. non-combustible classifications also factor into FRL requirements and material compliance.